For example, we highlight how climate models afford an exciting domain for interpretable ML (see Section 8.1). We identify many problems that require conceptual innovation and can advance the field of ML, as well as being highly impactful. For an overall introduction to ML, see e.g. While we use basic terminology from ML, knowledge of the specific ML techniques we reference is not necessary to understand any of our key points. Given the wide diversity of technical areas involved, we do not assume any prior familiarity with application domains (such as agriculture or electric grids) and have tried to provide relevant keywords and background reading within each section of the article. We believe that our recommendations will prove valuable to several different audiences (detailed below).
In order to maximize the relevance of our recommendations, we have consulted experts across many fields (see Acknowledgments) in the preparation of this article. The strategies we highlight include climate mitigation and adaptation, as well as meta-level tools that enable other strategies. This article aims to provide an overview of where ML can be applied with high impact in the fight against climate change, through either effective engineering or innovative research. On the other side, many fields have begun actively seeking input from the ML community. Many ML practitioners wish to act, but are uncertain how. Despite the growth of movements applying ML and artificial intelligence (AI) to problems of societal and global good, 2 there remains the need for a concerted effort to identify how these tools may best be applied to tackle climate change. In recent years, machine learning (ML) has been recognized as a broadly powerful tool for technological progress. Such a diversity of problems can be seen as an opportunity: there are many ways to have an impact. Adaptation requires planning for resilience and disaster management, given an understanding of climate and extreme events. Mitigation of GHG emissions requires changes to electricity systems, transportation, buildings, industry, and land use. Yet year after year, these emissions rise.Īddressing climate change involves mitigation (reducing emissions) and adaptation (preparing for unavoidable consequences). The 2018 intergovernmental report on climate change estimated that the world will face catastrophic consequences unless global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are eliminated within 30 years. Global ecosystems are changing, including the natural resources and agriculture on which humanity depends. 1 Storms, droughts, fires, and flooding have become stronger and more frequent. The effects of climate change are increasingly visible.